5. Sorry & Good Night
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ごめんなさい is the safe, polite sorry you use with teachers, coworkers, or anyone you're not close to. ごめん is the short version you use with friends and family. If you bump into a stranger, go with ごめんなさい — or even すみません, which works as both "excuse me" and "sorry."
失礼します literally means something like "I'm going to be rude" — but it's actually very polite. You say it when entering or leaving a room, hanging up the phone, or excusing yourself from a conversation. It's the professional way to step in or step out.
おやすみ and おやすみなさい are specifically for bedtime or the end of the evening — not just any time you leave someone. If you're heading out in the afternoon, さようなら or じゃあね is the right goodbye. Save おやすみ for when someone is actually going to sleep.